Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)¶
Summary
The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman 1997; German version by Woerner et al. 2002) captures the child’s behavior on five scales “hyperactivity,” “emotional problems,” “prosocial behavior,” “conduct problems,” and “peer problems.” The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire has been given to parents of children aged 5-6 years since 2008 and to parents of children aged 9-10 years since 2012. Since 2014, children aged 11-12 years fill in the questionnaire themselves.
Theoretical Background
The SDQ is currently one of the most frequently used screening instruments for child and adolescent mental health throughout the world. The instrument includes four problem subscales of five items each that also yield a total difficulties score, in addition to a prosocial dimension.
Scale Development
The scale was shortened for the SOEP to 17 items for the bioage06 questionnaire and to 18 items for the bioage10 questionnaire. The answer format was modified to seven levels. For the 11-12 year olds, the full version of the SDQ with an answer format of three levels was used.
References
Goodman, R. (1997). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 581-586.
Woerner, W., Becker, A., Friedrich, C., Klasen, H., Goodman, R. & Rothenberger, A. (2002). Normierung und Evaluation der deutschen Elternversion des Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Felderhebung. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 30, 105-112.
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (5-6 year olds & 9-10 year olds, parent reports)¶
Items
To what extent do the following statements apply to your child (Inwieweit treffen folgende Aussagen auf ihr Kind zu):
Hyperactivity
Child is agitated, hyperactive, cannot sit still (ist unruhig, überaktiv, kann nicht lange stillsitzen)
Child is fidgety (ist ständig zappelig)
Child is easily distracted and lacks concentration (ist leicht ablenkbar, unkonzentriert)
Child finishes tasks, is able to concentrate (führt Aufgaben zu Ende; kann sich lange konzentrieren)
Child thinks before acting (Denkt nach bevor es handelt)
Scale: 1 (Does not apply at all / Trifft überhaupt nicht zu) to 7 (Applies completely / Trifft voll zu)
Emotional Problems
Child is often unhappy or dejected (unglücklich, niedergeschlagen)
Child is nervous or clingy in new situations, loses self-confidence easily (ist nervös oder anklammernd in neuen Situationen; verliert leicht das Selbstvertrauen)
Child has many fears, becomes frightened easily (hat viele Ängste; fürchtet sich leicht)
Scale: 1 (Does not apply at all/Trifft überhaupt nicht zu) to 7 (Applies completely /Trifft voll zu)
Prosocial Behavior
Child is considerate (ist rücksichtsvoll)
Child likes to share with others (sweets, toys, crayons) (teilt gerne mit anderen Kindern (Süßigkeiten, Spielzeug, Buntstifte usw.))
Child is helpful if others are hurt, sick, or sad (ist hilfsbereit, wenn andere verletzt, krank oder betrübt sind)
Child helps others of his/her own accord (parents, teachers, other children) (hilft anderen oft freiwillig (Eltern, Erziehern, anderen Kindern))
Scale: 1 (Does not apply at all / Trifft überhaupt nicht zu) to 7 (Applies completely / Trifft voll zu)
Conduct Problems
Child often has tantrums, has a temper (hat oft Wutanfälle, ist aufbrausend)
Child quarrels a lot with other children, picks on them (streitet oft, schikaniert Kinder)
Scale: 1 (Does not apply at all / Trifft überhaupt nicht zu) to 7 (Applies completely / Trifft voll zu)
Peer Problems
Child is a loner, usually plays by him/herself (ist ein Einzelgänger, spielt meist alleine)
Child is popular with other children (ist im Allgemeinen bei anderen Kindern beliebt)
Child is often made fun of or picked on by other children (wird von anderen gehänselt oder schikaniert)
Child gets along better with adults than with other children (kommt besser mit Erwachsenen aus)
Scale: 1 (Does not apply at all / Trifft überhaupt nicht zu) to 7 (Applies completely / Trifft voll zu)
Items and Scale Statistics
year |
variable |
count |
mean |
sd |
itemrestcorr |
alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008-2020 |
behav2 |
5877 |
3.25 |
1.89 |
0.59 |
0.78 |
2008-2020 |
behav7 |
5842 |
2.80 |
1.78 |
0.63 |
0.78 |
2008-2020 |
behav11 |
5859 |
3.30 |
1.75 |
0.60 |
0.78 |
2008-2020 |
behav17R |
5871 |
3.20 |
1.65 |
0.51 |
0.78 |
2008-2020 |
behav9 |
5887 |
1.99 |
1.34 |
0.39 |
0.64 |
2008-2020 |
behav12 |
5862 |
2.91 |
1.73 |
0.48 |
0.64 |
2008-2020 |
behav16 |
5876 |
2.65 |
1.66 |
0.49 |
0.64 |
2008-2020 |
behav1 |
5864 |
5.52 |
1.28 |
0.45 |
0.68 |
2008-2020 |
behav3 |
5882 |
5.57 |
1.38 |
0.45 |
0.68 |
2008-2020 |
behav6 |
5871 |
5.96 |
1.28 |
0.48 |
0.68 |
2008-2020 |
behav14 |
5869 |
5.53 |
1.41 |
0.47 |
0.68 |
2008-2020 |
behav4 |
5876 |
2.90 |
1.72 |
||
2008-2020 |
behav8 |
5877 |
2.11 |
1.40 |
||
2008-2020 |
behav5 |
5880 |
2.29 |
1.63 |
0.37 |
0.57 |
2008-2020 |
behav10R |
5869 |
2.10 |
1.17 |
0.35 |
0.57 |
2008-2020 |
behav13 |
5866 |
1.73 |
1.13 |
0.40 |
0.57 |
2008-2020 |
behav15 |
5846 |
2.82 |
1.65 |
0.33 |
0.57 |
Items and Scale Statistics
year |
variable |
count |
mean |
sd |
itemrestcorr |
alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012-2020 |
behav2 |
5821 |
3.07 |
1.96 |
0.57 |
0.81 |
2012-2020 |
behav7 |
5802 |
2.64 |
1.81 |
0.61 |
0.81 |
2012-2020 |
behav11 |
5799 |
3.43 |
1.92 |
0.67 |
0.81 |
2012-2020 |
behav17R |
5804 |
3.22 |
1.78 |
0.61 |
0.81 |
2012-2020 |
behav18R |
5796 |
3.29 |
1.61 |
0.54 |
0.81 |
2012-2020 |
behav9 |
5821 |
2.10 |
1.45 |
0.45 |
0.69 |
2012-2020 |
behav12 |
5794 |
2.74 |
1.73 |
0.52 |
0.69 |
2012-2020 |
behav16 |
5811 |
2.46 |
1.62 |
0.54 |
0.69 |
2012-2020 |
behav1 |
5807 |
5.68 |
1.36 |
0.49 |
0.71 |
2012-2020 |
behav3 |
5822 |
5.68 |
1.39 |
0.49 |
0.71 |
2012-2020 |
behav6 |
5815 |
6.14 |
1.27 |
0.52 |
0.71 |
2012-2020 |
behav14 |
5803 |
5.60 |
1.45 |
0.50 |
0.71 |
2012-2020 |
behav4 |
5820 |
2.83 |
1.78 |
||
2012-2020 |
behav8 |
5811 |
2.06 |
1.46 |
||
2012-2020 |
behav5 |
5824 |
2.23 |
1.62 |
0.42 |
0.64 |
2012-2020 |
behav10R |
5795 |
2.14 |
1.25 |
0.45 |
0.64 |
2012-2020 |
behav13 |
5798 |
2.01 |
1.42 |
0.47 |
0.64 |
2012-2020 |
behav15 |
5787 |
2.82 |
1.73 |
0.38 |
0.64 |
Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (11-12 year olds & 13-14 year olds, self-report)¶
Items
Hyperactivity
I am restless, I cannot stay still for long (Ich bin oft unruhig, ich kann nicht lange stillsitzen)
I am constantly fidgeting or squirming (Ich bin dauernd in Bewegung und zappelig)
I am easily distracted, I find it difficult to concentrate (Ich lasse mich leicht ablenken; ich finde es schwer, mich zu konzentrieren)
I think before I do things (Ich denke nach, bevor ich etwas tue)
I finish the work I’m doing. My attention is good (Was ich angefangen habe, mache ich zu Ende; ich kann mich lange genug konzentrieren)
Scale: 1 = Not True (Trifft gar nicht zu), 2 = Somewhat True (Trifft teilweise zu), 3 = Certainly True (Trifft voll zu)
Emotional Problems
I get a lot of headaches, stomach-aches or sickness (Ich habe häufig Kopfschmerzen oder Bauchschmerzen oder mir wird oft schlecht)
I worry a lot (Ich mache mir häufig Sorgen)
I am often unhappy, depressed or tearful (Ich bin oft unglücklich oder niedergeschlagen; ich muss häufig weinen)
I am nervous in new situations. I easily lose confidence (Neue Situationen machen mich nervös; ich verliere leicht das Selbstvertrauen)
I have many fears, I am easily scared (Ich habe viele Ängste; ich fürchte mich leicht)
Scale: 1 = Not True (Trifft gar nicht zu), 2 = Somewhat True (Trifft teilweise zu), 3 = Certainly True (Trifft voll zu)
Prosocial Behavior
I try to be nice to other people. I care about their feelings (Ich versuche, nett zu anderen Menschen zu sein, ihre Gefühle sind mir wichtig)
I usually share with others, for example CD’s, games, food (Ich teile gerne mit anderen)
I am helpful if someone is hurt, upset or feeling ill (Ich bin hilfsbereit, wenn andere verletzt, krank oder traurig sind)
I am kind to younger children (Ich bin nett zu jüngeren Kindern)
I often offer to help others (parents, teachers, children) (Ich helfe anderen oft freiwillig (Eltern, Lehrern oder Gleichaltrigen))
Scale: 1 = Not True (Trifft gar nicht zu), 2 = Somewhat True (Trifft teilweise zu), 3 = Certainly True (Trifft voll zu)
Conduct Problems
I get very angry and often lose my temper (Ich werde leicht wütend; ich verliere oft meine Beherrschung)
I usually do as I am told (Normalerweise tue ich, was man mir sagt)
I fight a lot (Ich schlage mich häufig mit anderen)
I can make other people do what I want (Ich kann andere zwingen zu tun, was ich will)
I am often accused of lying or cheating (Andere behaupten oft, dass ich lüge oder mogle)
I take things that are not mine from home, school or elsewhere (Ich nehme Dinge, die mir nicht gehören (von zu Hause, in der Schule oder anderswo))
Scale: 1 = Not True (Trifft gar nicht zu), 2 = Somewhat True (Trifft teilweise zu), 3 = Certainly True (Trifft voll zu)
Peer Problems
I would rather be alone than with people of my age (Ich bin meistens für mich allein; ich beschäftige mich lieber mit mir selbst)
I have one good friend or more (Ich habe einen oder mehrere gute Freunde oder Freundinnen)
Other people my age generally like me (Im Allgemeinen bin ich bei Gleichaltrigen beliebt)
Other children or young people pick on me or bully me (Ich werde von anderen gehänselt oder schikaniert)
I get along better with adults than with people my own age (Ich komme besser mit Erwachsenen aus als mit Gleichaltrigen)
Scale: 1 = Not True (Trifft gar nicht zu), 2 = Somewhat True (Trifft teilweise zu), 3 = Certainly True (Trifft voll zu)
Items and Scale Statistics
year |
variable |
count |
mean |
sd |
itemrestcorr |
alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014-2020 |
behav2_full |
4342 |
1.78 |
0.69 |
0.55 |
0.70 |
2014-2020 |
behav10_full |
4342 |
1.82 |
0.75 |
0.44 |
0.70 |
2014-2020 |
behav16_full |
4341 |
1.82 |
0.70 |
0.51 |
0.70 |
2014-2020 |
behav22_fullR |
4342 |
1.72 |
0.60 |
0.36 |
0.70 |
2014-2020 |
behav26_fullR |
4340 |
1.74 |
0.60 |
0.41 |
0.70 |
2014-2020 |
behav3_full |
4344 |
1.47 |
0.63 |
0.27 |
0.63 |
2014-2020 |
behav8_full |
4337 |
1.76 |
0.70 |
0.40 |
0.63 |
2014-2020 |
behav14_full |
4339 |
1.31 |
0.54 |
0.43 |
0.63 |
2014-2020 |
behav17_full |
4318 |
1.63 |
0.68 |
0.37 |
0.63 |
2014-2020 |
behav25_full |
4335 |
1.45 |
0.62 |
0.46 |
0.63 |
2014-2020 |
behav1_full |
4344 |
2.67 |
0.50 |
0.39 |
0.64 |
2014-2020 |
behav4_full |
4341 |
2.43 |
0.58 |
0.37 |
0.64 |
2014-2020 |
behav9_full |
4345 |
2.76 |
0.47 |
0.43 |
0.64 |
2014-2020 |
behav18_full |
4348 |
2.78 |
0.47 |
0.37 |
0.64 |
2014-2020 |
behav21_full |
4341 |
2.44 |
0.57 |
0.40 |
0.64 |
2014-2020 |
behav5_full |
4328 |
1.66 |
0.69 |
0.36 |
0.59 |
2014-2020 |
behav7_fullR |
4335 |
1.69 |
0.56 |
0.24 |
0.59 |
2014-2020 |
behav12_full |
4343 |
1.16 |
0.42 |
0.40 |
0.59 |
2014-2020 |
behav13_full |
4325 |
1.16 |
0.42 |
0.26 |
0.59 |
2014-2020 |
behav19_full |
4330 |
1.34 |
0.58 |
0.39 |
0.59 |
2014-2020 |
behav23_full |
4338 |
1.13 |
0.39 |
0.34 |
0.59 |
2014-2020 |
behav6_full |
4343 |
1.67 |
0.69 |
0.24 |
0.54 |
2014-2020 |
behav11_fullR |
4349 |
1.14 |
0.41 |
0.33 |
0.54 |
2014-2020 |
behav15_full |
4255 |
2.41 |
0.60 |
0.30 |
0.54 |
2014-2020 |
behav20_full |
4339 |
1.24 |
0.51 |
0.37 |
0.54 |
2014-2020 |
behav24_full |
4312 |
1.49 |
0.62 |
0.31 |
0.54 |
Items and Scale Statistics
year |
variable |
count |
mean |
sd |
itemrestcorr |
alpha |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016-2020 |
behav2_full |
2805 |
1.71 |
0.68 |
0.52 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav10_full |
2793 |
1.69 |
0.72 |
0.39 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav16_full |
2805 |
1.77 |
0.68 |
0.50 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav22_fullR |
2799 |
1.68 |
0.58 |
0.34 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav26_fullR |
2797 |
1.72 |
0.60 |
0.36 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav3_full |
2803 |
1.46 |
0.63 |
0.32 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav8_full |
2797 |
1.82 |
0.71 |
0.44 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav14_full |
2795 |
1.27 |
0.52 |
0.49 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav17_full |
2788 |
1.65 |
0.68 |
0.41 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav25_full |
2803 |
1.40 |
0.60 |
0.50 |
0.67 |
2016-2020 |
behav1_full |
2802 |
2.68 |
0.51 |
0.44 |
0.66 |
2016-2020 |
behav4_full |
2806 |
2.40 |
0.59 |
0.40 |
0.66 |
2016-2020 |
behav9_full |
2800 |
2.77 |
0.47 |
0.46 |
0.66 |
2016-2020 |
behav18_full |
2807 |
2.75 |
0.48 |
0.37 |
0.66 |
2016-2020 |
behav21_full |
2800 |
2.41 |
0.58 |
0.42 |
0.66 |
2016-2020 |
behav5_full |
2797 |
1.60 |
0.66 |
0.33 |
0.58 |
2016-2020 |
behav7_fullR |
2802 |
1.67 |
0.56 |
0.21 |
0.58 |
2016-2020 |
behav12_full |
2803 |
1.11 |
0.38 |
0.41 |
0.58 |
2016-2020 |
behav13_full |
2779 |
1.23 |
0.48 |
0.29 |
0.58 |
2016-2020 |
behav19_full |
2797 |
1.28 |
0.54 |
0.35 |
0.58 |
2016-2020 |
behav23_full |
2802 |
1.14 |
0.40 |
0.39 |
0.58 |
2016-2020 |
behav6_full |
2800 |
1.80 |
0.72 |
0.27 |
0.53 |
2016-2020 |
behav11_fullR |
2806 |
1.14 |
0.42 |
0.33 |
0.53 |
2016-2020 |
behav15_full |
2777 |
2.43 |
0.59 |
0.29 |
0.53 |
2016-2020 |
behav20_full |
2797 |
1.20 |
0.46 |
0.37 |
0.53 |
2016-2020 |
behav24_full |
2787 |
1.54 |
0.64 |
0.27 |
0.53 |